Recent Developments in Forward Osmosis Membrane Materials
Forward osmosis (FO) is gaining rapid attention as an innovative and energy-efficient membrane technology for water treatment and desalination. Unlike conventional processes such as reverse osmosis that require high pressure, forward osmosis harnesses the natural osmotic pressure gradient to drive water across a semi-permeable membrane. This unique mechanism offers distinct advantages in reducing energy consumption, improving water recovery, and enhancing environmental sustainability.
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At its core, forward osmosis operates by placing a feed solution—often wastewater or seawater—on one side of a semi-permeable membrane, and a highly concentrated draw solution on the other. Water naturally moves from the feed side, where solute concentration is lower, to the draw side, where it is higher. This movement occurs without the need for external hydraulic pressure, which is typically the most energy-intensive part of desalination or filtration processes.